Recueil des cours, Collected Courses, Tome/Volume 192 (1985)

Relations internationales de Droit privé en l'Absence de Reconnaissance d'un État, d'un Gouvernement, ou d'une Situation , Joe Verhoeven Joe Verhoeven, professor at the Catholic University of Louvain, notes in the introduction of his course that all legal systems contain "recognitions", which express multilateral intentions to which the law attaches specific consequences. Solutions to the problem of (non)recognition in private international relations are almost exclusively looked for in the decisions made by the national courts. The author gives an analysis of these solutions. He distinguishes two categories of questions linked to (non)recognition. The first category is related to the implementation of rules of public international law, the application of which is requested by national judges; the second is related to the implementation of a rule of domestic law, whether this is a rule of substantive law or a rule of conflict of laws, the application of which is, at least on the surface, complicated by the non-recognition. The author successively describes the two categories of rules. Méthodes de Recherche de la Coutume internationale dans la Pratique des États , Luigi Ferrari Bravo Luigi Ferrari Bravo, Professor at the University of Rome, proposes in this course to examine in detail the practices of States with regard to the research methods in customary international law (diplomatic and legislative practice, jurisprudence of the domestic courts, international negotiation practices,...). The author assigns an important place to the practice that is developing within the multilateral bodies (lectures, international organisations, etc.). This allows him, among others, to discriminate between the practice of a State as member of an international institution and the practices of the institution as such. Modern Constitutions and International Law , Antonio Cassese Antonio Cassese, Professor at the University of Florence, intends in this course to pinpoint the attitude that modern States adopt towards the international community, insofar as this attitude is described in constitutional texts. More specifically, Antonio Cassese examines whether modern States show themselves, in their constitutional legislation and in the relevant case-law, to the extent that it is available, to be ready to accept and endorse the legal standards of behaviour of the international community, or whether on the contrary they are suspicious about or indifferent to these standards. The author starts by giving the historical evolution of the question. He then studies the constitutional deference to general rules of international law. In the next chapters he analyses the constitutional safeguards of compliance with international treaties, constitutional authorizations to limitations of sovereignty, and the constitutional bans on war.